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근세 이전에는 언어란 주체의 생각을 표현하는 도구라고 주장하였다. 이를 <도구적 언어관>이라 부른다. 언어는 의미를 실어 나르는 수레와 같다는 논리이다. 인간이 언어활동을 시작하기 이전에 이미 언어가 주어져 있다는 가설에서 성립하는 개념이다. 근원적 존재 자체를 표현하는데 이런 언어관으로는 어려움을 느끼게 되자 언어에 대한 사고가 점진적으로 바뀌게 되었다.
하이데거는 내가 언어를 가지고 말을 하는 것이 아니라 언어가 나로 하여금 말을 하도록 말을 걸어온다고 하였다. 그는 대 철학자답게 <언어가 언어 한다>는 아리송한 표현을 썼다. 언어가 바로 존재 자체이기 때문에 존재와 분리된 언어를 가지고서 존재를 담아낸다는 생각은 모순이라 하였다. <존재론적 언어관>이다. 이런 관점으로 보면 인간이 언어의 주인이라는 생각은 옳지 않다는 것이다. 인간을 독방에 격리시켜 언어와의 만남을 계속 차단시켰더니 생각할 줄 모르는 <사고()가 정지된 인간>으로 변하더라고 하였다. 언어는 텍스트다. 인간은 언어의 주체가 아니라 텍스트의 구성요소일 뿐이다.
인간의 사고()는 과학적 사유에서 시()적 사유로 바뀌고 있다. 플라톤 이후 시적 사유는 이성적이지 않다는 이유로 시인을 푸대접하였다. 니체는 존재론적 언어관으로 이런 전통적 고정관념을 깨어버렸다. 시적 메타포의 신축성은 과학적 언어의 합리성을 앞지른다. 언어는 존재의 집이기 때문이다.
국회의사당에서는 질문하는 의원이나 답변하는 총리와 장관들이 시적 언어를 사용하여 역동적인 메타포를 구사해 주었으면 좋겠다고 생각을 한 적이 여러 번이다. 민주공화당이 집권하던 시기였다. 당시 국회의장인 백남억씨가 두 점 사이에 가장 가까운 거리는 직선이다. 그러나 정치에서는 곡선이 더 가까울 수도 있다.는 개회사를 하여 무척 시적이라는 인상을 풍긴 적이 있었다. 순탄치 않을 의사일정을 예고하는 듯한 발언이기도 하였지만, 한편으로는 실증적 언어, 과학적 언어에 의해 세뇌된 대중들에게 시적 언어의 생경함을 맛보게 하는 계기를 제공하기도 하였다.
요즘 국회의사당에서 주고받는 발언들은 한 마디로 살벌하다. 막가파 식이다. 시정의 막말은 보통이고, 주먹세계의 피비린내 나는 언어도 가끔 등장한다. 소름끼치는 장면을 보면서 참 불행한 시대에 살고 있구나 하는 비참한 심정을 가질 때도 가끔 있다. 대통령이나 국회의원들이 일류가 아니고 이류(이()라고 하지만 그래도 유권자들의 대중적 지지를 받은 선택된 사람이니 국민들은 한 차원 높게 처신해 주기를 바라고 있다. 대모대의 시위구호처럼 악에 받친 듯한 언어만은 사용하지 말기를 바라고 있다. 그것이 국민의 여망이고 천심이다.
요즘 컴퓨터의 댓글들은 엉망진창이다. 거두절미하고 욕부터 쏟아내는 다혈질 깡패 부류를 비롯하여, 자기와 생각이 조금만 달라도 무조건 적으로 간주는 유아독존파도 활개치고 있다. 인터넷에 잘못된 기사가 실려 네티즌들의 집중공격을 받게되면 인민재판에 버금가는 피해를 입게된다. 변명의 여지도 없다. 오죽하면 자살자까지 나올까. 이런 세태는 사회 지도층 인사들의 언행과 전혀 관계가 없다고 할 수 없을 것이다. 그 밥에 그 도토리이다.
순화되지 않은 언어를 당당하게 터뜨리는 귀하신 분들은 독서와는 담을 쌓고 있을 성싶다. 언젠가 뒷구멍으로 부정한 돈을 끌어 모으면서 책상 위에는 다산의 <목민심서>를 펴놓고 훌륭한 제왕처럼 행세하던 그런 독서를 즐길 수는 있을 것이고. 보초근무 중이던 일등병이 내무반에 곤히 잠들어 있는 전우들에게 수류탄을 던지고 소총을 난사하여 8명의 장병을 숨지게 한 엽기적인 사건의 원인도 장병들이 사용하는 언어와 무관하지 않다고 하니 소름끼치지 않을 수 없다.
지금 우리 사회에 전염병처럼 번지고 있는 비속한 언어를 순화시키지 않으면 이 나라의 미래는 암담할 수밖에 없다.
안명수
10호 (2005.8.23)
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